Wow I had to go through a bunch of YouTube clips to find this out, but the answer is Movie 43, which came out in 2013 - and you can find gifs of that scene you mentioned pretty much everywhere on Tumblr for some reason...
You can catch the scene in its entirety on YouTube, where it appears several times under the title "period scene". It's actually pretty funny!
You may also want to check out Chloe Grace Moretz's imdb page for a list of more movies she's starred in.
